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Why can seismic exploration be used to find oil and gas?

2024-10-18

Latest company news about Why can seismic exploration be used to find oil and gas?

Seismic exploration is the most important method for oil and gas exploration, no doubt about it!
First of all, let's understand why seismic exploration is so important.
Finding oil is like going to the hospital for a medical examination. Seismic exploration is like the imaging data taken of patients in the hospital, such as CT, chest X-ray or MRI.
Geophysicists are the people who develop CT, chest X-ray or MRI. They are responsible for providing geologists with imaging data of the earth or oil reservoirs. Geologists are outpatient doctors in hospitals. Drilling is the surgeon in the hospital.
Therefore, seismic exploration is indispensable for finding oil reservoirs! Regardless of the depth of the oil reservoir, seismic exploration is indispensable in most cases.
So what can we do with seismic exploration? Let's first look at what seismic data may look like. The following figure is a three-dimensional seismic exploration data of the Gulf of Mexico. The left and right figures are from two side lines respectively.

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                                                                  (Sections of two seismic data)

 

These data can be compared to: the X-ray+, CT or MRI data taken when we go to the hospital for treatment. The ultimate purpose of these data is to provide the morphology and physical parameters of the underground structure, just like when we go to the hospital for treatment, we take CT or MRI or X-ray+. The machine in the hospital needs to image these data and finally provide the patients with various so-called "films". In other words, these data can produce films of my country's underground structure. The seismic data here include direct waves, reflected waves, refracted waves, multiple waves, converted waves, etc., and of course there are a lot of noises. The final processing result of these data is similar to the underground structure map shown below. These maps are similar to the skeleton map of our human body, or the results of xray*.

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                                                               (Figure 1: Underground medium structure)

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                                                         (Figure 2: Underground medium structure)

Or, to obtain various physical parameters, such as underground velocity, the accuracy varies according to different methods. It is like when you go to the hospital, you can spend more money to get a more accurate MRI, or spend less money to get a quick CT scan. The same principle applies: the high-precision right image requires more machine time than the left image. Both use the collected seismic data to invert the velocity of the underground medium.

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The attenuation of underground media can also be inverted through seismic data. The attenuation is related to the gas content, porosity, and water content of the rock, such as the following figure:

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You can also get the density, anisotropy + parameters, shear wave velocity, etc. of the underground medium. In short, by obtaining seismic data, it is equivalent to obtaining the structure and physical parameters of the underground medium. This information is crucial for finding oil and gas reservoirs.

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